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Maungawhau / Mount Eden

Coordinates: 36°52′37″S 174°45′50″E / 36.877°S 174.764°E / -36.877; 174.764
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Maungawhau[1]
Mount Eden
Looking into and over the crater.
Highest point
Elevation196 m (643 ft)
Coordinates36°52′37″S 174°45′50″E / 36.877°S 174.764°E / -36.877; 174.764
Geography
Map
LocationAuckland, North Island, New Zealand
Geology
Volcanic fieldAuckland volcanic field

Maungawhau / Mount Eden is a scoria cone and Tūpuna Maunga (ancestral mountain) in the Mount Eden suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. The cone is part of the Auckland volcanic field, the tallest located on the isthmus.

Geography

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The cone is a dormant volcano and its summit, at 196 metres (643 ft) above sea level, is the highest natural point on the Auckland isthmus. The majestic bowl-like crater is 50 metres (160 ft) deep. The volcano erupted from three craters 28,000 years ago, with the last eruptions from the southern crater filling the northern craters.[2] The western face of the hill was extensively quarried. This is the site of a large ecological restoration project run by volunteers.[3]

Etymology

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Maungawhau is a Māori-language name meaning 'mountain of the whau tree'. The name "Mount Eden" was chosen by Governor William Hobson, to honour George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland, who was his superior naval officer.[4] The crater is named Te Upu Kai a Mataaho ('the bowl of Mataaho'); Mataaho was a deity said to live in the crater and to be the guardian of the secrets hidden in the earth.[5][6]

History

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Terraces on the southern slopes of Maungawhau / Mount Eden
Diagram of Maungawhau's scoria cones and terracing by Elsdon Best (1927)

The Auckland isthmus has been settled by Tāmaki Māori since around the 13th or 14th centuries.[7] Maungawhau was the principal pā settled by Huakaiwaka, the eponymous ancestor of Waiohua, and remained an important area for Waiohua from the 17th century to around the year 1740.[8][9][10][11] Maungawhau was extensively terraced, and defensive ditches were created around four areas of the maunga.[11] When Huakaiwaka's grandson Kiwi Tāmaki, he moved Waiohua's seat of power from Maungawhau to Maungakiekie.[11] In the mid-18th century, Maungawhau became a part of the rohe of Ngāti Whātua.[12]

In 1840, Ngāti Whātua gifted a tuku of 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) on the Auckland isthmus to European settlers, in order to establish the new capital of Auckland. Maungawhau / Mount Eden was the southern point of this area.[13] As late as the 1850s, four distinct terraces could be seen on the cone, which were obscured by vegetation or by quarrying.[11]

An underground water reservoir has been located on the northern side of Maungawhau / Mount Eden since the 1870s. The original reservoir was replaced in 1912, and a second, complementary, reservoir added in 1930. The reservoirs, recently upgraded to meet growing demand, work together to supply the Mount Eden, Epsom, One Tree Hill and Khyber Pass Road areas.[citation needed] The trig station at the summit was used as a reference point for drawing up Auckland's suburbs. The platform was built with help from Prince Alfred's elephant. The elephant was rewarded with lollies, buns and beer.[14]

In the early 20th Century, stone was quarried by Mount Eden Prison inmates from Maungawhau / Mount Eden for use in road projects.[15]

From the 1950s the peak was used by the New Zealand Post Office for VHF radio communications in two buildings, several hundred metres apart, each with their own antenna farm. One building housed transmitting equipment, while the other housed receiving equipment. In the 1960s the site was staffed during the five-day working week due to the large number of valves that wore out under the stress of high power and needed frequent servicing. Typical use of the facility was for businesses e.g. taxi or delivery firms needing mobile communications to vehicles.

Mount Eden as seen through the city buildings, from Northcote.

In 1973, the crater of Maungawhau / Mount Eden was the venue for ''Mt Eden Crater Performance, a performance piece by artist Bruce Barber, which involved a blind art master and drummers.[16] During the mid-1980s, artist Philip Dadson organised annual winter solstice celebrations in the crater.[16]

Maungawhau / Mount Eden attracts many tourists, as it is the highest natural point in Auckland, and provides good views in all directions over the city. Due to the spiritual and cultural significance of the maunga to Māori, and for pedestrian safety, the summit road was permanently closed to most vehicles in 2011, with the exception of people with limited mobility.[17][18][19][20]

Treaty settlement

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In the 2014 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the Crown and the Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau collective of 13 Auckland iwi and hapū (also known as the Tāmaki Collective), ownership of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga of Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland, was vested to the collective, including the volcano officially named Maungawhau / Mount Eden. The legislation specified that the land be held in trust "for the common benefit of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau and the other people of Auckland". The Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority or Tūpuna Maunga Authority (TMA) is the co-governance organisation established to administer the 14 Tūpuna Maunga. Auckland Council manages the Tūpuna Maunga under the direction of the TMA.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

In 2019, the 1926 Spanish Mission-style tearoom was converted into Whau Cafe and the Te Ipu Kōrero o Maungawhau / Mount Eden Visitor Experience Centre. The centre showcases the geological and Māori cultural history of the maunga.[27] In 2020, boardwalks were opened around the crater rim, to protect the pā tūāpapa (terraces) and rua kūmara (kūmara storage pits) on the summit's upper slopes. Views from the boardwalk into the deep crater and over Auckland city are spectacular.[27]

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  • Boardwalk on the western side of the crater
    Boardwalk on the western side of the crater
  • Boardwalk on the northern side of the crater
    Boardwalk on the northern side of the crater
  • Boardwalk on the eastern side of the crater
    Boardwalk on the eastern side of the crater

References

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  1. ^ Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority (23 June 2016). "Integrated Management Plan" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  2. ^ "Chronology of Events" (PDF). Maungawhau-Mt Eden Management Plan (Report). Auckland City Council. February 2007. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
  3. ^ "Batger Quarry Restoration Project". Friends of Maungawhau. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  4. ^ Cameron, Ewen; Hayward, Bruce; Murdoch, Graeme (2008). A Field Guide to Auckland: Exploring the Region's Natural and Historical Heritage (Revised ed.). Random House New Zealand. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-86962-1513.
  5. ^ "Maungawhau". Te Ara. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  6. ^ "Mataaho". Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  7. ^ Pishief, Elizabeth; Shirley, Brendan (August 2015). "Waikōwhai Coast Heritage Study" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  8. ^ "ca 1720". Manukau's Journey - Ngā Tapuwae o Manukau. Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0015. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  9. ^ Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). "The tribes of Tāmaki". Te Ara. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  10. ^ Te Ākitai Waiohua (24 August 2010). "CULTURAL VALUES ASSESSMENT BY TE ĀKITAI WAIOHUA for MATUKUTŪREIA QUARRY PRIVATE PLAN CHANGE" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  11. ^ a b c d Fox, Aileen (1977). "Pa of the Auckland Isthmus: An Archaeological Analysis". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 14: 1–24. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906245. Wikidata Q58677038.
  12. ^ Patterson, Malcolm (21 March 2008). "Ngati Whatua o Orakei Heritage Report for State Highway 20; Transit Manukau Harbour Crossing" (PDF). Environmental Protection Authority. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  13. ^ Mane, Mārena (19 September 2022). "Tuku Whenua - Ngāti Whātua starts conversation on changing the date for Auckland Anniversary Day". Te Ao Māori News. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  14. ^ McFadden, Suzanne. "Auckland's 175th anniversary: Volcanoes, elephant built the city". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  15. ^ Bartley, Bryan (2011). "Roads". In La Roche, John (ed.). Evolving Auckland: The City's Engineering Heritage. Wily Publications. pp. 105–109. ISBN 9781927167038.
  16. ^ a b Dunn, Michael (2008). New Zealand Sculpture: A History (Updated ed.). Auckland: Auckland University Press. p. 122-123. ISBN 978-1-86940-425-3.
  17. ^ "Changes to vehicle access on Tūpuna Maunga". Auckland Council. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  18. ^ "Car ban planned for volcanic cone". Radio New Zealand. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  19. ^ "The Maunga Authority agreed to stop cars driving to the summit of Maungawhau". Te Kāea. Māori Television. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  20. ^ "Mt Eden goes vehicle-free". Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  21. ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (27 September 2014). "Volcanic cones regain Maori names". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  22. ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014". New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  23. ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 registration guideline" (PDF). Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  24. ^ "NZGB decisions - September 2014". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  25. ^ "Protection of tupuna maunga assured under ownership transfer". Auckland Council. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  26. ^ "New governance structure for treasured tūpuna maunga". Auckland Council. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  27. ^ a b "Boardwalk empire: New chapter for historic Mt Eden volcano". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2022-07-18.

Further reading

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  • Volcanoes of Auckland: A Field Guide. Hayward, B.W.; Auckland University Press, 2019, 335 pp. ISBN 0-582-71784-1.
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